[1] Chen J.W., Wang Q.T., Xu Z.Y., et al., Process in supercritical water gasification of coal: A review of fundamentals, mechanisms, catalysts and element transformation. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 237: 114122.
[2] Wang F., Dai Z., Coal gasification-core technology of the efficient and clean utilization of coal. Chemical World, 2015, 56(1): 51–55.
[3] Wang F.C., Yu G.S., Gong X., et al., Research and development of large-scale coal gasification technology. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2009, 28(2): 173–180.
[4] Taba L.E., Irfan M.F., Daud W.A.M.W., et al., The effect of temperature on various parameters in coal, biomass and CO-gasification: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(8): 5584–5596.
[5] Wu S.Y., Huang S., Ji L.Y., et al., Structure characteristics and gasification activity of residual carbon from entrained-flow coal gasification slag. Fuel, 2014, 122: 67–75.
[6] Shi W.J., Bai J., Kong L.X., et al., An overview of the coal ash transition process from solid to slag. Fuel, 2021, 287: 15.
[7] Liu X.D., Jin Z.W., Jing Y.H., et al., Review of the characteristics and graded utilisation of coal gasification slag. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 35: 92–106.
[8] Song R.L., Lan T., Review on characteristics and utilization of entrained-flow coal gasification residue. Coal Science and Technology, 2021, 49(4): 227–236.
[9] Zhu J.F., Li J., Yan L., et al., Research progress and application prospect of coal gasification slag resource utilization. Clean Coal Technology, 2021, 27(6): 11–21.
[10] Zhang Y.K., Ren Q.Q., Deng H.X., et al., Ash fusion properties and mineral transformation behavior of gasified semichar at high temperature under oxidizing atmosphere. Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(12): 14228– 14236.
[11] Bryant G.W., Browning G.J., Emanuel H., et al., The fusibility of blended coal ash. Energy & Fuels, 2000, 14(2): 316–325.
[12] Yan T.G., Kong L.X., Bai J., et al., Thermomechanical analysis of coal ash fusion behavior. Chemical Engineering Science, 2016, 147: 74–82.
[13] Pang C.H., Hewakandamby B., Wu T., et al., An automated ash fusion test for characterisation of the behaviour of ashes from biomass and coal at elevated temperatures. Fuel, 2013, 103: 454–466.
[14] Luo Y., Ma S.H., Zheng S.L., et al., Mullite-based ceramic tiles produced solely from high-alumina fly ash: Preparation and sintering mechanism. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 732: 828–837.
[15] Sasi T., Mighani M., Ors E., et al., Prediction of ash fusion behavior from coal ash composition for entrained-flow gasification. Fuel Processing Technology, 2018, 176: 64–75.
[16] Kong L.X., Bai J., Li W., et al., The internal and external factor on coal ash slag viscosity at high temperatures, Part 1: Effect of cooling rate on slag viscosity, measured continuously. Fuel, 2015, 158: 968–975.
[17] Lin X.C., Ideta K., Miyawaki J., et al., Correlation between fluidity properties and local structures of three typical Asian coal ashes. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(4): 2136–2144.
[18] Kong L.X., Bai J., Li W., et al., The internal and external factor on coal ash slag viscosity at high temperatures, Part 3: Effect of CaO on the pattern of viscosity-temperature curves of slag. Fuel, 2016, 179: 10–16.
[19] Oh M.S., Brooker D.D., Depaz E.F., et al., Effect of crystalline phase-formation on coal slag viscoity. Fuel Processing Technology, 1995, 44(1–3): 191–199.
[20] Yuan H.P., Liang Q.F., Gong X., Crystallization of coal ash slags at high temperatures and effects on the viscosity. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(6): 3717–3722.
[21] Kong L.X., Bai J., Bai Z.Q., et al., Effects of CaCO3 on slag flow properties at high temperatures. Fuel, 2013, 109: 76–85.
[22] Shen Z.J., Nikolic H., Caudill L.S., et al., A deep insight on the coal ash-to-slag transformation behavior during the entrained flow gasification process. Fuel, 2021, 289: 119953.
[23] Mohassab Y., Sohn H.Y., Analysis of slag chemistry by FTIR-RAS and Raman Spectroscopy: Effect of water vapor content in H2-H2O-CO-CO2 mixtures relevant to a novel green ironmaking technology. Steel Research International, 2015, 86(7): 740–752.
[24] Matson D.W., Sharma S.K., Philpotts J.A., The structure of high-silica alkali-silicate glasses—A Raman- spectroscopic investigation. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1983, 58(2–3): 323–352.
[25] Ge Z.F., Kong L.X., Bai J., et al., Effect of CaO/Na2O on slag viscosity behavior under entrained flow gasification conditions. Fuel Processing Technology, 2018, 181: 352–360.
[26] Cao X., Peng B.Z., Kong L.X., et al., Flow properties of ash and slag under co-gasification of coal and extract residue of direct coal liquefaction residue. Fuel, 2020, 264.
[27] Nath S.K., Geopolymerization behavior of ferrochrome slag and fly ash blends. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 181: 487–494.
[28] MacDonald S.A., Schardt C.R., Masiello D.J., et al., Dispersion analysis of FTIR reflection measurements in silicate glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2000, 275(1–2): 72–82.
[29] Branda F., Arcobello-Varlese F., Costantini A., et al., Tg and FTIR of (2.5–x)CaO•x/3M2O3•2SiO2 (M=Y, La, In, Al, Ga) glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1999, 246(1–2): 27–33.
[30] Zheng D.L., Shi C.B., Li Z.J., et al., Effect of SiO2 substitution with Al2O3 during high-Al TRIP steel casting on crystallization and structure of low-basicity CaO-SiO2-based mold flux. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2020, 27(1): 33–41.
[31] Zhang Y.C., Li H.X., Wu C.L., Study on distribution, chemical states and binding energy shifts of elements on the surface of gasification fine ash. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 2019, 45(7): 3855–3864.
[32] Lu P., Xia W.B., Jiang H., et al., Analysis of high alumina silicate glass with infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2015, 34(3): 878–881, 887.
[33] Mills K., Slag Atlas. Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1995.
[34] Duong L.V., Wood B.J., Kloprogge J.T., XPS study of basic aluminum sulphate and basic aluminium nitrate. Materials Letters, 2005, 59(14–15): 1932–1936.
[35] Dai X., Bai J., Huang Q., et al., Coal ash fusion properties from molecular dynamics simulation: the role of calcium oxide. Fuel, 2018, 216: 760–767.