A Short Review on Nano-Additives to Enhance Biodiesel Performance in Diesel Engines

  • Laxmikant D. JATHAR ,
  • Meherunnesa ,
  • Sagar SHELARE ,
  • Kiran SHAHAPURKAR ,
  • Tarek ABEDIN ,
  • Rizwan A. FARADE ,
  • Armin RAJABI ,
  • T. M. Yunus KHAN ,
  • Ramesh SINGH ,
  • Erdem CUCE ,
  • Mohammad NUR-E-ALAM
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  • 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India 
    2. Department of Physic, Tongi Government College, Tongi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
    3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur 440019, Maharashtra, India
    4. University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
    5. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
    6. Department of Electrical Engineering, Collage of Engineering, Universiti Tanaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
    7. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
    8. Anjuman-I-Islam’s Kalsekar Technical Campus, School of Engineering and Technology, Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410206, India
    9. Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tanaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
    10. Central Labs, King Khalid University, AlQura’a, Abha, P.O. Box 960, Saudi Arabia
    11. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
    12. Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing (AMMP), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    13. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Zihni Derin Campus, 53100 Rize, Turkey
    14. Center for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
    15. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
    16. Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140417, Punjab, India
    17. School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup-6027, WA, Australia
    18. Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
    19. School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

Online published: 2025-07-04

Supported by

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work through the Research Group Program under Grant No: RGP 2/127/45.

Copyright

Science Press, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025

Abstract

Vegetable oils and animal fats-sourced biodiesel are considered a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel. However, they possess convinced restrictions like inadequate cold flow properties, poor lubricity, and complex emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, various nano-additives have emerged to overcome those limitations and enhance the performance of biodiesel in diesel engines. The impact of different additives on diesel engine characteristics that have been conducted recently with the combination of biodiesel is thoroughly analyzed in this review paper. Additionally, to provide a thorough summary of experimental research done in this area, the article addresses the several kinds of additives that are frequently employed and their effects on engine performance, combustion, emissions, wear, and durability. The evaluation of nano-additives’ impacts in diesel-biodiesel engines highlights significant improvements in emissions, combustion efficiency, and engine durability. For example, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are found to increase Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by up to 36.81%, while cerium oxide (CeO2) can reduce Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) by as much as 30%. Additionally, titanium dioxide (TiO2) achieves a minimum NOx reduction of 22.57%, and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have produced a minimum 65% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, albeit with higher hydrocarbons (HC) emissions. However, long-term engine durability studies are needed to assess the compatibility of nano-additives with engine components and their impact on engine longevity which could be the future research direction aiming to investigate new nanoparticle possibilities and reduce pollutants to maximize biodiesel performance.

Cite this article

Laxmikant D. JATHAR , Meherunnesa , Sagar SHELARE , Kiran SHAHAPURKAR , Tarek ABEDIN , Rizwan A. FARADE , Armin RAJABI , T. M. Yunus KHAN , Ramesh SINGH , Erdem CUCE , Mohammad NUR-E-ALAM . A Short Review on Nano-Additives to Enhance Biodiesel Performance in Diesel Engines[J]. Journal of Thermal Science, 2025 , 34(4) : 1450 -1473 . DOI: 10.1007/s11630-025-2080-y

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