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Journal of Thermal Science

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2024 , Vol. 33 >Issue 5: 1757 - 1772

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-024-2010-4

Performance Enhancement of Single-Phase Immersion Liquid-Cooled Data Center Servers

  • GE Junlei ,
  • XIA Feifan ,
  • ZHANG Chengbin ,
  • HUANG Yongping
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  • 1. School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
    2. Wuhan Digital Engineering Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China

网络出版日期: 2024-09-08

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Science Press, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024
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Performance Enhancement of Single-Phase Immersion Liquid-Cooled Data Center Servers

  • GE Junlei ,
  • XIA Feifan ,
  • ZHANG Chengbin ,
  • HUANG Yongping
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  • 1. School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
    2. Wuhan Digital Engineering Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China

Online published: 2024-09-08

Supported by

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB3803203).

Copyright

Science Press, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024
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摘要

单相浸没式液冷(SPILC)系统作为下一代数据中心最具应用前景的冷却方式，其内部的热传递特性和性能强化机制尚不清楚。为此，本文建立了一个三维稳态数值模型，探究了采用SPILC和传统风冷方法的服务器内部流动与传热特性。此外，本文还探究了器件布局的影响，并重点分析了利用挡板优化冷却液流动分布的优势。结果表明，在相同的入口雷诺数(Re)下，SPILC系统优于传统的风冷方式。当Re = 10000时，SPILC方法可使数据中心服务器最高温度降低70.13%，平均对流换热系数提高287.5%，且整体热均匀性更好。需要说明是，高功率器件布置在下游会产生“热障”，并由于流动阻力增加而降低上游器件的传热性能。而且，高功率器件之间的过大间距可能导致旁路通道的形成，进一步恶化传热。此外，在SPILC系统的进口段添加挡板可以有效提高系统的散热性能。总而言之，为了最大化浸没液冷性能，减少旁路通道和优化冷却剂的流动分布至关重要。

关键词： single-phase; immersion liquid-cooled; performance enhancement; data center

本文引用格式

GE Junlei , XIA Feifan , ZHANG Chengbin , HUANG Yongping . Performance Enhancement of Single-Phase Immersion Liquid-Cooled Data Center Servers[J]. 热科学学报, 2024 , 33(5) : 1757 -1772 . DOI: 10.1007/s11630-024-2010-4

Abstract

As the promising cooling method for the next generation of data centers, the internal heat transport mechanism and enhancement mechanism of single-phase immersion liquid-cooled (SPILC) systems are not yet well understood. To address this, a steady-state three-dimensional numerical model is constructed herein to analyze flow and thermal transport capacities in servers using SPILC and traditional air-cooling methods. Moreover, this paper emphasizes the influence of component positioning, and underscores the benefits of optimizing coolant flow distribution using baffles. The results indicate that the SPILC system outperforms the traditional air-cooling approach at the same inlet Reynolds number (Re). When Re=10 000, the SPILC method reduces the maximum temperature by up to 70.13%, increases the average convective heat transfer coefficient by 287.5%, and provides better overall thermal uniformity in data center servers. Moreover, placing devices downstream of high-power components creates “thermal barriers” and degrades thermal transport for upstream devices due to increased flow resistance. Excessive spacing between high-power devices can lead to the formation of bypass channels, further deteriorating heat transfer. Additionally, the addition of baffles in the inlet section of SPILC systems effectively enhances heat dissipation performance. To maximize the heat dissipation capacity, minimizing bypass channels and optimizing the flow distribution of coolants are crucial.

Key words： single-phase; immersion liquid-cooled; performance enhancement; data center

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