Photovoltaic (PV) power generation technology is the main renewable energy utilization technology. However, dust deposition severely affects the PV power generation efficiency and decreases the production capacity of PV power plants. In this study, the factors affecting PV technology were divided into the following three types: occlusion, corrosion, and temperature rise. A dust-collecting PV model considering dust deposition and rainfall scouring was established; a PV performance index was proposed. By conducting experiments with different dust mass densities, it was found that the short-circuit current (SCC), open-circuit voltage (OCV), and PV output power of PV decreased with the increase in dust mass density. In the initial stage of dust deposition, dust exhibited the greatest effect on the performance of PV. In the later stage of dust deposition, the effect of dust deposition became stable. The initial 10 g/m² dust decreased the PV output power by 34%. In addition, the conversion efficiency and fill factor (FF) decreased with the increase in dust mass density; both of them were exponential functions. When the dust mass density was low (less than 30 g/m²), the dust mass density increased by 10 g/m², and the conversion efficiency decreased by an average of 3.4%. Finally, by conducting economic calculations, it was found that a PV power plant where dust has not removed for one year will cause 12% loss of power generation. 近年来，太阳能光伏技术被认为是解决世界能源危机的主要途径之一。光伏电站一般建在沙漠、荒地等开阔地区，四周无建筑遮挡，光伏表面非常容易受天气影响而被灰尘覆盖，发电效率也受到影响。研究首先阐述了灰尘对光伏发电造成影响的三个因素，遮挡效应、温度效应和腐蚀效应，在此基础上建立了粉灰尘沉积状态下光伏表面的热平衡方程，并提出了一种可行的光伏电池效率评价方法。最后通过现场测试，发现随着灰尘沉积密度的增大，短路电流和开路电压均减小。且在光伏积尘初期，灰尘对光伏发电的输出性能影响最大。当灰尘沉积密度为10 g/m2时，光伏最大功率降低了约34%。此外，灰尘沉积密度与光伏转换效率具有良好的非线性关系。随着灰尘沉积密度的逐渐增大，光伏转换效率逐渐降低。当灰尘沉积密度增大到一定程度时，光伏转换效率趋于稳定。最后，通过经济性分析，发现定期清洗光伏板具有显著的经济效益。